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Antisemitism isn't new in Ukraine, this photo of antisemitic graffiti in Kiev is from 2009 |
Antisemitism
has been a feature of Ukraine since the Middle Ages, and in recent weeks,
Jew-haters have been taking advantage of the unrest to attack synagogues and
beat up and stab Jews. Moreover, the nationalist / anti-Russian forces include open
antisemites, and two antisemitic parties have been included in the new nationalist government.
On the other hand, many Jews took part in the protests that helped
install the new government, and most observers believe Russians
(and their far-left supporters in the West) are trying to label the
nationalists – all the nationalists – as Nazis when clearly most are not. Indeed, the Ukrainian chief rabbi, has accused the Russians of staging antisemitic attacks to justify their invasion (here).
From
Canada, it’s hard to tell exactly what’s going on, but I think the notion that
Jews should support Russia’s invasion of Crimea is nuts. I mean apart from not
wanting the Russians to re-establish their nasty empire, since
when has Russia ever been good for the Jews?
Besides,
in the longer term, I’ll put my money on a nationalist Ukrainian government
that wants to turn toward the democratic West, not a Ukrainian government that wants to cozy up to
authoritarian Russia. And if neither of these options work out, well as Abraham
Cooper points out, Israel is only a plane ride away, and so is Canada, for that
matter…
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Supporters of Ukraine's antisemitic Svoboda party with t-shirts reading "Beat the zhids {kikes}" |
Tough Times Again for Ukraine’s Jewish Population
We are now witnessing the latest
round of violence and tragedy in the Ukraine. And not for the first time,
hundreds of thousands of Jews in that embattled country, perhaps as many as
400,000, find themselves between a rock and a hard place.
Historically, Jews in Ukraine have suffered disastrous losses
during times of upheaval. During the Cossack uprising of 1648-57, led by Hetman
Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 15-30,000 Ukrainian Jews out of a total population of
51,000 were murdered or taken captive.
The organized violence against the
helpless and impoverished Jews in the Ukraine in the 19th and early 20th
century spawned a new word in the lexicon of hate - pogrom. Many of our
grandparents fled the Ukraine, arriving on American shores penniless with
little more than a dream of a safe haven.
During the Russian Revolution and
ensuing Civil War, another estimated 30,000-100,000 Jews were killed.
The total civilian losses during the Nazi occupation of Ukraine
is estimated at 7 million, with more than 1 million Jews shot by Einsatzgruppen
killing squads and Ukrainian collaborators in Western Ukraine.
To be sure, the Jewish community has not been center stage in
the current epic struggle for Ukraine’s future. The just-deposed Prime Minister
represents the still powerful pull of Vladimir Putin’s Russia. Putin has always
made it clear he will not accept a Ukraine that is tied to NATO or the European
Union. So far he’s used the economic carrot of cheap oil and other incentives,
but possible military intervention in Eastern Ukraine, with its significant
Russian population — cannot be dismissed.
On the other side are Ukrainian activists who rallied around a
Euro-centric vision of the future. Anyone
and anything that
insists on a link to Moscow and the memories of 70 years of tyrannical Soviet
rule is out of the question. Unfortunately, among the masses of people who
braved beatings, bullets, and death, were members of the nationalist Svoboda
party, some of whose leaders have openly expressed anti-Semitic views.
Against this unsettling backdrop, after last month’s beating of
two Jews, Kiev’s Chief rabbi has called on the city’s Jews to leave.
Now comes word that unknown perpetrators hurled firebombs at the Giymat Rosa Synagogue in
Zaporizhia, located 250 miles southeast of Kiev. That house of prayer opened in
2012 – a sign of Jewish renewal in the Ukraine – was built on the spot where
the Jews of that community were ordered to gather before being deported by the
Nazis to their deaths.
It goes without saying that Jewish institutions are bolstering
security and it has been reported that some public events have been canceled.
One can only wonder what kind of Purim and Passover await our Jewish brothers
and sisters in the Ukraine.
What will members of Europe’s third largest Jewish community do?
Will they stay or go? The late Simon Wiesenthal imparted sage advice when he
said, “Where democracy is strong it is good for Jews and where it is weak it is
bad for the Jews.”
We can only hope and pray and that the forces of true democratic
values and inclusion win the day in the Ukraine. That would be a blessing for
all its people. In the meantime, today’s Ukrainian Jews are free to ponder an
option their forefathers could only dream about. Israel is but a non-stop
flight from Kiev. Look for those flights to be extra crowded in the days ahead.
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Member of Ukraine's antisemitic Svoboda party form a human chain |
Ukrainian nationalists strive to shake off
allegations of anti-Semitism
Anti-government
protesters say Nazi name-calling is propaganda designed to undermine their
movement.
Ukraine’s struggle for independence
is plagued by memories of fascism. Nationalists fought more than once against
the Soviets in the last century, even when it meant aligning with Nazi Germany.
This is a
country that both idolizes and condemns a former leader who collaborated with
the Nazis – Stepan Bandera. He is denounced by many Ukrainians and Jewish
groups for mass killings, but he is also beloved for refusing to rescind the
proclamation of an independent Ukrainian state in 1941.
In the past,
Ukrainian Jews suffered pogroms and government-sanctioned persecution, and
anti-Semitism is still a threat. For instance, the opposition coalition, which
includes the Svoboda party, has been criticized for far-right extremism.
Complaints have been filed against Svoboda’s leader, Oleh Tyahnybok, for
alleged incitement and racist remarks, such as saying Ukraine was headed by a
“Muscovite-Jewish mafia.”
When
Ukrainian nationalists and far-right groups began protesting against Viktor
Yanukovych’s government on Kiev’s Maidan Square, many Western and Russian media
outlets called the demonstrations fascist with anti-Semitic undertones. Armed
and masked protesters brandished nationalist symbols linked with the fascism of
yesteryear.
This
included the Celtic cross, which has replaced the swastika for many modern
white-power groups, and the wolf-hook SS insignia. There was also the symbol
14/88. The 14 represents a 14-word slogan used by white nationalists, and the
88 stands for “Heil Hitler” – H is the eighth letter of the alphabet. Finally,
there was the Black Sun occult symbol, with which the Third Reich adorned a
castle hall.
Some
researchers and protest groups say the allegations of fascism and anti-Semitism
are propaganda to undermine the protests.
The
right-wing and nationalist umbrella group, Pravy Sektor, grabbed center stage
after January 16, when Yanukovych approved laws that criminalized participation
in anti-government protests. The movement’s press secretary, Artem Skoropadsky,
called the fascism accusations “forms of official Russian propaganda that
successfully change the meaning of ‘nationalism’ to ‘Nazism.’”
Anton
Shekhovtsov, a Ukrainian researcher of European far-right groups and a fellow
at the Radicalism and New Media Research Group in Britain, has said neo-Nazi
groups are only a very small part of the protest.
“The
movement is tolerant of other organizations’ extremist views but does not
necessarily support them,” Shekhovtsov said. “They don’t exclude people and
want to unite protesters for a stronger opposition.”
Some Pravy
Sektor protesters on the Maidan sported yellow armbands with the wolf hook
symbol revealing their specific political party affiliation—that of the Social
National Assembly (SNA), a largely Kiev-based neo-Nazi organization. Other more
openly anti-Semitic parties are White Hammer and C14, the neo-Nazi youth wing
of the Svoboda party.
According to
Pravy Sektor’s press secretary, the movement consists of many different groups
and individuals. “This is not just a long-term rally, but a national,
liberation movement,” he said in early February.
Timothy
Snyder, a history professor at Yale, summarized the name-calling in an article
for The New York Review of Books. He called it an “attempt to reduce the social
tensions in a complex country to a battle of symbols about the past.”
Heroic
picture of the past
Protesters
have marched carrying photos of Bandera and under red-and-black flags of the
Ukrainian Insurgent Army, the nationalist paramilitary and later partisan army
that fought both the Nazis and the Soviets. On Maidan Square, these images
represent the history of war and struggle for Ukraine’s sovereignty, not
Nazism, said Vyacheslav Likhachev, a researcher at the Euro-Asian Jewish
Congress.
According to
Likhachev, “the provocative symbols have to be understood in the context of a
Ukrainian, heroic picture of the past. In a contemporary context, it is not
correct to associate Bandera with neo-Nazis.”
Two attacks
on Kiev Jews took place in one week in January and added fuel to the name
calling. Also, last Saturday, a Ukrainian rabbi called on Kiev’s Jews to leave
the city, fearing that the small community could fall victim to the increasing
violence. At least four Jewish protesters were killed during demonstrations in
the days leading up to Yanukovych’s ouster by parliament. Overall, more than 70
Ukrainians were killed.
Many media
outlets began equating the attacks and the rabbi’s comments with the protests
in general, which suggested that the protesters were anti-Semites and that the
Jewish community was a target.
Likhachev
says the four Jews killed were victims of police brutality and sniper shots;
they weren’t targeted as Jews. “Jews are in danger because of the bigger
problem of violence, which affects all Ukrainians,” he said.
Josef
Zisels, a vice president of the World Jewish Congress, said that “the Jews of
Ukraine participate in protests, though not as a community but as citizens of
Ukraine who are tired of the cynical actions of the government.”
Pravy Sektor
and other protesters have dubbed themselves the defense forces of the protests;
they’ve actually provided some stability. For example, the protest leaders have
proposed that Kiev synagogues be guarded, along with streets in Jewish areas.